Saturday, August 29, 2020

3406. A Labrador Retriever puppy in Myanmar has an eye growth - ocular dermoid.

HOOK


A normal  Labrador Retriever puppy is born with clear eyes.
There are no eye growths irritating him.



But this 10-week-old Labrador Retriever is unfortunate. His right eye has a fatty growth with hairs since he was born. 






He tries to relieve his itch by rubbing his eye with his paw or on his bed mattress. 

The upper eyelid area is bald. This is due to continual rubbing.




The Owner is very worried. He consulted Dr May Than Oo, a veterinarian in Pyin Lwin Oo. This Labrador Retriever lives in Pyin Oo Lwin. 



PYIN OO LWIN
is a scenic hill town with a cool climate around November to February. It is a tourist destination. It was a colonial town for the British Governor to stay during the hot season in Yangon many years ago. The Governor's House was destroyed during the 2nd World War. It is now rebuilt and is a luxury hotel.     





 


What is this fatty growth? 
 
It is an Ocular Dermoid. 

As it is located in the conjunctiva, it is classified as a lipodermoid.



A dermoid is a growth containing normal skin parts. These parts include the epidermis, dermis, fat, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and frequently hairs.

In dogs, Ocular Dermoids most frequently locate at the temporal limbus but can involve the conjunctiva, eyelid, nictatating membranes, limbus or cornea.  In this case, the ocular dermoid is at the temporal conjunctiva and does not involve the limbus or cornea. 





How to get rid of it?

An operation to cut it out is needed. It is called surgical excision.



After excision, the upper and lower eyelids are sewn up to facilitate healing and an Elizabeth collar is worn for around 14 days.








This is a case from the Veterinary Files From Myanmar, sponsored by Toa Payoh Vets. OCULAR DERMOID IN THE DOG














How to get rid of it?

This video discusses the surgical treatment of an ocular dermoid
in a Labrador Retriever puppy in Myanmar. The operating veterinarian was Dr May Than Oo. 





This video contains surgical procedures.
VIEWER DISCRETION IS ADVISED.





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Under general anaesthesia, the globe was fixed. The abnormal tissue at the conjunctiva was clamped and then surgically resected using the blade (No. 11).

A third-eyelid flap was also performed to facilitate healing. After surgery, eye drops as atropine sulfate, gentamicin sulfate, diclofenac sodium and systemic antibiotics were prescribed for 2 weeks. 

After 2 weeks, the third-eyelid flap was removed, and the region of conjunctival flap was epithelized and remained the scar

Vision loss - pigmentation, astigmatism (cannot focus normally as the cornea is abnormally curved).

Signs - epiphora, pigmentary keratitis, ulcerative keratitis

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Visuals are presented:
1.  An ocular dermoid causes epiphora and eye irritation.


2. The dermoid is pulled up using  two forceps. 




Two forceps clamp and pull up the dermoid.



3.  Not shown in this video: The base of the dermoid is clamped with forceps.



4.  The dermoid  has been completely excised after clamping its ventral surface. A surgical scalpel blade No. 11  is used.











5. The incised conjuctiva is not stitched. Its wound will heal. There is no need for a
conjunctival flap.





6.  The third-eyelid flap procedure is used to cover the eyeball. This will facilitate healing of
the conjunctiva as it is not irritated by external dust or air currents. The upper and lower eyelids
are brought together using tubings for 14 days.  






7. Antibiotic eye drops or ointment are applied daily


8. An Elizabeth collar prevents eye scratching.
Oral Painkillers are given





post op video footage 



CREDITS
Special thanks to: 
Dr May Than Oo for the images of the surgical excision. 












FOR MORE INFORMATION



















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RESEARCH NOTES

DIFFERENT TYPES OF OCULAR DERMOIDS

In dogs, Ocular Dermoid most frequently locate at the temporal limbus but can involve the conjunctiva, eyelid, nictatating membranes, limbus or cornea. A Shih Tzu has a dermoid - electro-excision case study



LOCATIONS OF THE OCULAR DERMOID.
1. A cat keeps rubbing his eyes. Why?

He has a limbal dermoid.

Show footage 0:00 to 2:04. No need to edit audio. Just insert a slide saying:

"In this case, the dermoid is present on the limbus (sclera and cornea junction). 

WHAT IS A DERMOID?

A dermoid is normal skin as it has epidermis, dermis, fat, sebaceous glands, hair follicles and hair. The tissues are usually irritating the eye  Thus, the patient suffers from chronic epiphora (excessive eye tears dropping and keratitis (inflammation of the cornea). 

A dermoid is an overgrowth of normal, non-cancerous tissue in an abnormal location. Dermoids occur all over the body. The ones in and around the eye are usually comprised of skin, hair, and/or fat.

WHERE ARE DERMOIDS FOUND AROUND THE EYES?
There are two main dermoid types that occur on or around the eyes. 
First, an orbital dermoid is typically found in association with the bones of the eye socket. 
Second, an epibulbar dermoid is found on the surface of the eye. There are two typical locations for an epibulbar dermoid. One of the locations is at the junction of the cornea, the clear part at the front of the eye, and the sclera, the white part of the eye. This is a limbal dermoid. The second location of an epibulbar dermoid is on the surface of the eye where the lids meet in the temporal corner (towards the ear) which is often called a dermolipoma or lipodermoid.






The lesion invaded the stromal layer of the cornea, and extended to limbus and conjunctiva. It was surgically resected.

*A pedicle conjunctival flap was placed to support the reepithelization and aid vascularization of the defect. 

*After excision, the site where the dermoid lay can be covered by a piece of transplanted cornea.

A third-eyelid flap is also performed to facilitate healing. 

After surgery, 

An Elizabeth collar to be worn for 2 week.

Eye drops with antibiotics and systemic antibiotics are prescribed for 2 weeks. 

*needs operating microscope




Ocular dermoid in a cat. 

 Treatment: Surgical excision using Surgical Blade No. 11.
The lesion invaded the stromal layer of the cornea and the sclera at the limbus.  The cat was not operated as the owner did not give consent since this was a "stray" cat.



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2. A Shih Tzu has a corneal dermoid.
No need to edit. Include the whole footage.

A shih tzu has dermoid in the left eye



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3. A labrador retriever has a limbal dermoid.
Give the video link and show some footages of the surgical procedures.

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Case study of a corneal dermoid in a Shih Tzu


Removal of dermoid by superficial keratectomy is essential to relieve the related clinical signs (chronic keratitis and epiphora, eye irritation). If the dermoid has not been totally removed, some degree of recurrence can be expected [1]. Thus, the dermoid have to excise completely, if possible, without scarring of the cornea. Once corneal epithelization is complete, as evidenced by the lack of fluorescein retention, topical antibiotic-corticosteroid preparations can be administered to reduce postoperative corneal scarring and improve the eventual transparency of the cornea. 


After fixation of the globe, abnormal tissue at the conjunctiva and cornea was removed using the blade (No. 11) and microsurgical instruments. The lesion invaded by stromal layer of the cornea, and extended to limbus and conjunctiva was surgically resected. And then, a pedicle conjunctival flap was placed to support the reepithelization and aid vascularization of the defect. Additionally, third-eyelid flap was also performed to facilitate healing. 




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RESEARCH NOTES
VETERINARY DERMOID




Surgical correction of corneal dermoid in a dog Jae-il Lee1 , Myung-jin Kim1 , Il-hwan Kim2 , Yeoung-bum Kim3 , Myung-cheol Kim1,* 1 Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Korea 2 R&D Center of Pharmaceuticals, CJ Corporation, Icheon 467-812, Korea 3 Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Daejeon 305-343, Korea A five-month-old female Shih-tzu puppy was presented for repair of congenital choristoma in left eye. The patient was suffered from chronic epiphora and ocular discharge during 3 months. On ophthalmic examination, left eye revealed hyperemia in conjunctiva of the temporal canthus due to choristoma with hair. At surgery, the choristoma invaded by stromal layer of the cornea, and extended to limbus and conjunctiva. Based on the anatomical location and histopathological features of the removed tissue, the choristoma was diagnosed as corneal dermoid. Key words: choristoma, corneal dermoid, epiphora, hyperemia Corneal dermoid is a congenital choristoma characterized by the presence of heterotopic cutaneous tissue in an inappropriate place [8,4]. They may affect the eyelids, conjunctiva (palpebral and bulbar), nictitating membrane, and cornea [3]. This condition is known to occur in large breed dogs such as St. Bernards [1-3, 7], German Shepherds [1], short-legged dogs [7] such as Basset Hounds, Dachshunds and Welsh Corgis and cats [5]. 

Dermoids contain many of the elements of normal skin such as epidermis, dermis, fat, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and frequently there is hair. The tissues are usually irritating the eye and associated structures [3]. Thus, the patients have been suffered from chronic epiphora and keratitis. 

Dermoid may be surgically excised with complete remission of signs and minimal scarring of the cornea. This paper describes the incidence of corneal dermoid and detailed histopathological findings in shih-tzu dogs. 

A 5-month-old female Shih-tzu puppy with a weight of 4.4 kg was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Chungnam National University for repair of congenital choristoma in left eye. The patient had suffered from chronic epiphora and some ocular discharge during 3 months. On ophthalmic examination, left eye revealed mild hyperemia in conjunctiva at the temporal canthus. 

Vital signs and results of blood examination were within normal ranges. A light peach color lesion measuring 3-5 mm in diameter was noted grossly at the limbus in the direction of 5 o’clock, and there was hair growing from the surface (Fig. 1). 

The surface of lesion was rough and slightly protruded compared with the surrounding normal cornea. The patient was premedicated with atropine sulfate (0.04 mg/kg, SC). Anesthesia was induced with thiopental sodium (12.5 mg/kg, IV) and maintained with isoflurane. The patient was administered a balanced electrolyte solution (10 ml/kg/hr, IV), and cefazolin sodium (20 mg/kg, IV) as prophylactic treatment was administered before surgery.

After fixation of the globe, abnormal tissue at the conjunctiva and cornea was removed using the sugical blade (No. 11) and microsurgical instruments. 

The lesion invaded the stromal layer of the cornea, and extended to limbus and conjunctiva was surgically resected. And then, a pedicle conjunctival flap was placed to support the reepithelization and aid vascularization of the defect. Additionally, third-eyelid flap was also performed to facilitate healing. After surgery, eye drops as atropine sulfate, gentamicin sulfate, diclofenac sodium and systemic antibiotics were prescribed for 2 weeks. 

For histopathological evaluations, the tissue sample was collected to 10% neutral phosphate-buffed formalin, processed routinely, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. 

After 2 weeks, the third-eyelid flap was removed, and the region of conjunctival flap was epithelized and remained the scar (Fig. 2). The dermoid hasn’t recurred for 11 months since the surgical correction, and hyperemia of conjunctiva and epiphora was disappeared. 

Corneal dermoids are ectopic eyelid tissues. They are nearly always covered with hair. Although, hair may be removed by manual epilation or electroepilation, it may regrow. Corneal dermoid has been reported in various species of animals and in humans, and it is commonly

believed that this disease is generally congenital, although not hereditary [4]. However, some report in humans, the appearance of corneal dermoid across three generations of a single family has been reported by Mattos and his colleagues [6]. In this case, hereditary pattern was not revealed because parents were normal ocular structure. 

Removal of dermoid by superficial keratectomy is essential to relieve the related clinical signs. If the dermoid has not been totally removed, some degree of recurrence can be expected [1]. Thus, the dermoid have to excise completely, if possible, without scarring of the cornea. 

Once corneal epithelization is complete, as evidenced by the lack of fluorescein retention, topical antibiotic-corticosteroid preparations can be administered to reduce postoperative corneal scarring and improve the eventual transparency of the cornea.

Microscopically, it was presented the corneal dermoid invasive normal corneal epithelium, and the dermoid contain normal skin such as hair follicles, cornium and blood vessel (Fig. 3). The operation of dermoid was delayed in this case due to owner’s circumstances. Consequently, the lesion was increased in size and extended more invasively. Fortunately, dermoid was removed successfully and recurrence did not appear up to now. 

References 1. Gelatt KN. Bilateral corneal dermoids and distichiasis in a dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1971, 66, 658-659. 2. Gelatt KN. Corneo-conjunctival dermoid cyst in a calf. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 1972, 67, 1217. 3. Gelatt KN. Pediatric ophthalmology in small animal practice. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim 1973, 3, 321-333. 4. Horikiri K, Ozaki K, Maeba H, Narama I. Corneal dermoid in two laboratory Beagle dogs. Exp Anim 1994, 43, 417-420. 

5. Lettow E, Teichert G, Pantke G, Leinen U. Eye diseases in dog and cat 5. A pictorial sequence. Tierarztl Prax. 1974, 2, 299-306. 6. Mattos J, Contreras F, O'Donnell FE Jr. Ring dermoid syndrome. A new syndrome of autosomal dominantly inherited, bilateral, annular limbal dermoids with corneal and conjunctival extension. Arch Ophthalmol 1980, 98, 1059- 1061. 7. Priester WA. Congenital ocular defects in cattle, horse, cats, and dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1972, 160, 1504-1511. 8. Slatter D. Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology. 3rd ed. pp. 208, Saunders, Philadelphia, 2001.


OCULAR DERMOID IN PEOPLE. 

The most common location for epibulbar dermoids is the temporal inferior quadrant of the limbus. Though being a benign tumor, the removal of a limbal dermoid is not only performed to improve the cosmetic appearance of the eye but more importantly to prevent loss of visual acuity.

WHAT IS A DERMOID?

A dermoid is an overgrowth of normal, non-cancerous tissue in an abnormal location. Dermoids occur all over the body. The ones in and around the eye are usually comprised of skin, hair, and/or fat.

WHERE ARE DERMOIDS FOUND AROUND THE EYES?
There are two main dermoid types that occur on or around the eyes. First, an orbital dermoid is typically found in association with the bones of the eye socket. Second, an epibulbar dermoid is found on the surface of the eye. There are two typical locations for an epibulbar dermoid. One of the locations is at the junction of the cornea, the clear part at the front of the eye, and the sclera, the white part of the eye. This is a limbal dermoid. The second location of an epibulbar dermoid is on the surface of the eye where the lids meet in the temporal corner (towards the ear) which is often called a dermolipoma or lipodermoid.

WHAT DOES A POSTERIOR EPIBULBAR DERMOID OR DERMOLIPOMA LOOK LIKE?

A posterior epibulbar dermoid is typically yellow in color and soft in consistency, molding to the curve of the eye. The conjunctiva overlying it may be thickened. Occasionally there is one or more hairs sticking out from the mass.

WHERE ARE POSTERIOR EPIBULBAR DERMOIDS (DERMOLIPOMAS) USUALLY FOUND?

Posterior epibulbar dermoids are usually found under the outer upper eyelid in the recess where the eyeball meets the eyelid. Depending on their size, they may be visible only when the upper lid is lifted or if larger they may be seen with the eyelids in the usual position.

DO POSTERIOR EPIBULBAR DERMOIDS NEED TO BE REMOVED?

They rarely require excision. If they are small and not bothersome to the patient or patient’s family, posterior epibulbar dermoids can be left alone.

HOW ARE EPIBULBAR DERMOIDS REMOVED?

Posterior epibulbar dermoids are usually not attached to the eyeball itself. They are attached to the conjunctiva that covers the eye. They often extend posteriorly into the eye socket and usually cannot be entirely removed. Excision involves stripping the dermoid free of the overlying conjuctiva, clamping the mass at the most posterior extent of the dissection and removing the anterior part of the mass. The excised mass is typically sent to a pathologist who can confirm the identity of the tissue.

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WHERE ARE LIMBAL DERMOIDS USUALLY FOUND?

They are found on the surface of the eye either on the cornea or at the junction of the cornea and sclera [See figure 2].

DO LIMBAL DERMOIDS NEED TO BE REMOVED?

Limbal dermoids may be removed to improve the abnormal appearance of the eye and to decrease possible eye irritation.

HOW ARE LIMBAL EPIBULBAR DERMOIDS REMOVED?

The dermoids are removed in a surgical procedure in which the surgeon excises the dermoid from the surface of the cornea and sclera. Sometimes the dermoid extends into the sclera and/or the cornea and care must be taken to avoid entering the eye when excising them. After excision, the site where the dermoid lay can be covered by a piece of transplanted cornea.

DO LIMBAL DERMOIDS CAUSE VISION LOSS?

Occasionally the dermoid is so large that it blocks visual input from entering the eye. More often, vision loss can occur because the presence of the dermoid causes the cornea of the affected eye to have an irregular shape. This warping of the cornea can cause a large amount of astigmatism and a blurred image. The blurred image encourages the developing brain to ignore the input from the affected eye, thus causing vision loss through amblyopia. Fortunately, if amblyopia is detected early during childhood, it can often be successfully treated.

DOES THE RISK OF VISION LOSS GO AWAY AFTER THE DERMOID IS REMOVED?

Not typically. Even though the dermoid is gone, it has often permanently changed the shape of the cornea and the risk of developing amblyopia remains.

ARE LIMBAL DERMOIDS ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER DISEASES?

Yes, sometimes. They can be found in persons with Goldenhar syndrome, linear nevus sebaceous syndrome, and encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis, oculoectodermal syndrome, and Townes-Brocks Syndrome.
Visit EyeWiki to learn more. 

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Conjunctival pedicle grafting is performed with the aid of an operating microscope. A strip of conjunctiva is freed and rotated so that it covers the ulcer, then stitched into position using very fine dissolvable suture material. Corneal healing takes 6-8 weeks.


A superficial cornea ulcer takes 1 - 2 weeks to heal
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The Cornea: The Window of the Eye

The cornea is the transparent window that makes up the front surface of the eye. It is composed of three main layers:

  1. Epithelium– a thin layer of cells on the outer surface of the cornea
  2. Stroma– the main supportive tissue of the cornea and makes up 90% of its thickness
  3. Descemet’s membrane– the deepest and very thin layer; on the other side of Descemet’s membrane is the aqueous humor, the clear fluid that fills the inner chamber of the eye
Corneal Ulcers: Sometimes Serious, Sometimes Not

A corneal ulcer is a wound or abrasion on the corneal surface. A superficial corneal ulcer involves only the surface epithelium. This is a much less serious injury, but still requires veterinary care.


deep corneal ulcer begins to involve the corneal stroma. The presence of a deep corneal ulcer usually indicates that a bacterial infection is present. The bacteria release substances that degrade the corneal stroma, causing the ulcer to progress deeper. If the ulcer extends to the deepest level of Descemet’s membrane, this is referred to as a descemetocele and is considered a serious emergency due to risk of rupture of the eye. If Descemet’s membrane ruptures, the fluid inside the eye leaks out and can potentially lead to irreparable blinding damage to the eye.



Symptoms: It is Painful

Eye stain performed on a dog

Corneal ulcers symptoms are painful and you may notice that your dog is squinting, pawing, or rubbing at the eye. Other symptoms can include redness and excessive discharge or tearing. Superficial ulcers aren’t typically visible to the naked eye, and your veterinarian will look for the presence of an ulcer with a special stain called fluorescein. When the stain is placed on the eye, the dye will adhere to the ulcer and produce a green fluorescence that identifies the presence of the ulcer.


Treatment: Medication vs. Surgery

Simple superficial corneal ulcers will heal on their own without incident in 3-10 days depending on the size of the ulcer. While the healing process takes place, treatment for simple superficial corneal ulcers includes antibiotic eye drops or ointments to prevent infection, as well as pain medications to relieve discomfort. Your pet will need to wear an E-collar (cone) to protect the eye during the healing process, as self-trauma to the eye can delay and complicate healing.

In the case of a deep corneal ulcer, more aggressive treatment will be necessary to prevent the ulcer depth from progressing. This typically includes multiple eye drops given several times a day, as well as pain and anti-inflammatory medications by mouth. In severe cases, referral to a veterinary ophthalmologist for corneal surgery to place a graft onto the ulcer may be necessary to stabilize the cornea and prevent rupture of the eye.


Healing: Follow-up Care is Crucial

Follow up with your veterinarian is needed to determine if your pet’s ulcer has completely healed. You should continue treating your pet with all prescribed medications until your veterinarian indicates that the ulcer is fully healed.

Simple superficial corneal ulcers should heal within 1-2 weeks or less, however in some cases the ulcer may be slower to heal.

If your dog’s ulcer doesn’t heal or show signs of healing within this time frame, this indicates that an underlying cause may be present (dry eye, abnormally-directed eyelashes, entropion, etc.) or that additional procedures may be needed to facilitate healing of the ulcer. 

In older dogs, chronic non-healing (indolent) corneal ulcers are very common and often require additional procedures such as a diamond burr debridement to encourage and facilitate healing. If your pet’s corneal ulcer is not healing appropriately and an inciting cause cannot be identified, your veterinarian may recommend referral to a veterinary ophthalmologist for specialty care.

3404. Superficial Kerectetomy - Dermoid in a young cat's eye

29 Aug 2020
Ocular dermoid is usually seen in young dogs or cats.


1.  cat dermoid - limbal-corneal. (Advised but surgery was not done. Surgical excision can be done using surgical blade No. 11).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5hwuWx4T83I



2. dog dermoid - corneal
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I1gp0HgUVZE


3. Blog. Dog pterygium
https://2010vets.blogspot.com/2011/10/701-follow-up-on-pterygium-glaucoma.html

Thursday, August 27, 2020

3403. A 68-year-old realtor has to be flexible.

Thur 28 Aug 2020
Spoke to a realtor today. For Covid-19 pandemic this August, he closed 15 rental cases. Very good.

1. Why not do new condo sales?
     Not so easy to close cases. Many agents with no closings. Agency wanted duty roster, go door-to-door knocking and other gatherings. During seminars, he will be called out as his hairs are all white and asked how he was doing! 68 years old. Spot-light. The others are younger. 

2. House rentals. Woodlands. A small bungalow with 7 bedrooms rent for $9,000 if there are prospects. Covid-19 pandemic. Few expatriates.
 
The property landlord offers 1 month's deposit for a 3-year-lease. How can the small owners compete? Free aircond servicing 

3. Tenant to pay agent if rental is less than $3,000.

4. Car rental cheaper than owning a car.
    CAR CLUB near MRT Yishun.  Hourly rental of $10/hr + mileage charges. $75 for 4 hours. Toyoto Vios. Squeezed 2 Caucasian teenagers and mum in back seat for viewing 5 properties.

 or daily rental $60/day, but for Sunday viewing, the rental must be from Friday to Sunday (3 days).

5. Health screening. Healthy. At one screening---doctor said he was pre-diabetic (reading 6.3). He disagreed. So 3 readings for 3 months (reading 4.7). Why? At that time, he ate ice cream daily for one month on the way home. So reading higher. BP 125/70, Pulse rate 65

Excercise walking Northpoint mall from basement 1 to top floor after 9.30 pm. No crowds and Covid-19 risk. Air-cond. Go to NTUC to shop. Around 4,000 steps. IPhone "Health" App pedometer.
Now very fit. No panting when walk longer distance. If walk outside---dengue hot spot---risky and hot.





3402. The easily stressed adult female dwarf hamster - urine scalding and ventral dermatitis

Thursday case
27 Aug 2020

Dwarf hamster, white, F, 16 months. 44g
"Wet tail" no loose stools. Diagnosis: Ventral dermatitis and UTI.

Ventral dermatitis. The lower skin is inflamed, but the red itchy area comes and go for past 3-4 occasions. The hairs will grow back but the condition recurs. Why?

The hamster was held upside down for examination. I noted urine just leaked out easily. So this hamster has urinary incontinence. Could it be due to her being a timid easily stressed dwarf hamster or she be having a urinary tract infection?

The urine scalded the area around the private parts and anal area. The area is so itchy.The hamster keeps licking it to relieve the itch, but more urine leaked out. More scalding. Soon, most parts of the lower body is inflamed reddish brown from urine scalding (see images).






Day 1. Urine scalding


1. Likes to chew railings for past months till last week when railings were removed. Rusty railings. Rust on floor --irritation skin---ventral dermatitis irritation. Rust---bladder---irritation--- UTI (leaked urine when held) ---urinary incontinent.
2. Hoarding food in cheek pouches
3. Oxbow paper litter changed once a week. Possible irritation---ventral dermatitis. Peed at corner.
4. Exercise wheel - soap residue?---irritation.

SOLUTION


Treatment as an inpatient for at least 7 days.  The owner is unable to clean the hamster as she is easily stressed when handled. You can see it in the video.

Clipped all hairs away from the lower body. Easier to wash with disinfectant and anti-fungal and anti-bacterial washes. Antibiotic orally. Multivit.

1. Housing now one level. No rusty railings to climb.
2. Diet - Seeds only. No pellets, pumpkin, unsalted cashew nuts. Different brand of food.
3. Antibiotics 3 days. inpatient. Easily stressed. Short handling.
4. No Oxbow paper litter.
5. Hot water clean cage and wheel.

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