Digital photo enhancement refers to the process of improving the quality and appearance of digital images using software SUCH AS PHOTOSHOP or online tools, addressing issues like noise, blur, and low resolution.
- Hyphema
refers to the presence of blood within the anterior chamber of the eye,
the space between the iris (the colored part of the eye) and the cornea
(the clear front surface of the eye).
- It's a symptom, not a disease itself, and indicates an underlying condition that needs to be identified and treated.
- Hyphema can appear as bright red blood, small blood clots, or lines of blood accumulation in the front of the eye.
Hyphema. If direct visualization is impossible due to hyphema. Use ocular ultrasonography
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REFERENCE:
https://www.mspca.org/angell_services/15148-2/
Anterior lens luxation with cataract is often very obvious (Figure 1), but when the lens is clear or when corneal edema from glaucoma is present, it can be hard to visualize. One feature to look for in this scenario is the positioning of the iris.
Generally, the curvature of the iris (which is normally convex only because it lies over the convex lens surface) should be almost parallel with the curvature of the cornea. A slitbeam from a transilluminator can illuminate both structures well.
Generally, the curvature of the iris (which is normally convex only because it lies over the convex lens surface) should be almost parallel with the curvature of the cornea.
If you see a concave surface to the iris (bending away from you centrally), this can imply the lens is in front of the iris, and at this point you should look peripherally around the limbus to attempt to visualize the edge of the lens, which should reflect light as a bright crescent (Figure 2).
1. anterior lens luxation - see the concave surface of the iris, the edge of the lens at 9 to 12 o'clock.
2. non-cataractous lens
Causes of Lens Instability
Lens luxation is known to be of genetic origin in many canine breeds (eg Terriers, Chinese Crested, American Eskimo, Australian Cattle Dog), likely autosomal recessive. Otherwise, secondary lens luxation can occur from many conditions, including trauma, chronic glaucoma (buphthalmos, as stretching of the globe can tear the lens attachments), chronic uveitis, and hypermature cataracts.
In the cat, uveitis is the most common cause of lens luxation, which presumably occurs due to inflammatory breakdown of the lens’ suspensory ligament. Therefore, in cats an infectious disease workup (FeLV, FIV, FIP, toxoplasmosis, etc) is important when presented with a lens luxation (Olivero, Riis et al. 1991). Congenital anatomic defects have also been reported.
Reduced vision occurs from altered refraction / focussing of light onto the retina, or from any of the above sequelae, which can all of course lead to complete blindness.
Part Two: Medical & Surgical Management
Medical Management of Lens Instability
When diagnosed early, lens subluxation and its sequelae can be medically managed. Therapy is generally directed at preventing or treating glaucoma and uveitis. Glaucoma medications that reduce aqueous humor production (eg carbonic anhydrase inhibitors q8h [dorzolamide, brinzolamide] and beta blockers q12h [timolol]) are generally safe in most instances of lens instability.
Sequelae to Lens Instability
Lens instability can lead to uveitis, glaucoma (Curtis, Barnett et al. 1983), retinal detachment, hyphema, cataract, reduced vision, and blindness from sequelae.
In conclusion, early diagnosis of lens instability with management of related disease processes is extremely important in the success of medical or surgical management. Examination and longterm follow-up by a veterinary ophthalmologist is recommended.
REFERENCE: For detailed article, go to:
https://www.mspca.org/angell_services/15148-2/
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Vet
Case Study. DIGITAL IMAGE ENHANCEMENT USING PHOTOSHOP AND LIGHTROOM.
Hyphaema and anterior lens luxation in a female,
6-year-old dog in Myanmar
This brief Be Kind To Pets
Veterinary Educational Video shows that digital image enhancement
is useful in aiding in the diagnosis of some eye conditions such as
the anterior lens luxation in the dog.
Vet Case Study. DIGITAL IMAGE ENHANCEMENT USING PHOTOSHOP AND LIGHTROOM.
Hyphema is the presence of blood in the anterior chamber of the eye. In this case, the “red cornea” shows the bleeding behind the cornea easily. Digital image enhancement gives a better view.
Direct visualization was impossible due to hyphema. Use ocular ultrasonography
Dr Sing suspects that hyphema in this dog is related to its low platelet count (thrombocytopenia) rather than traumatic injury. More tests are needed.
-------------------
VET CASE STUDY:
This
video focuses on digital image enhancement to show that the dog has
an anterior lens luxation in the left eye. Diagnosis and treatment of
hyphema in the left eye are NOT discussed. Dr Sing suspects that the
cause of hyphema in this dog is related to the low platelet count
(thrombocytopenia).
SCRIPT WRITTEN BY:
Dr Sing Kong
Yuen, BVMS (Glasgow). 6 April 2025. Capella
Singapore.
ACKNOWLEDEMENT:
A big thank you to Dr Thet Hmue
Kyaw, BVSc (Yezin) for sharing his case study and photos
MORE
INFORMATION
AT:
https://2010vets.blogspot.com/2025/04/4271-vet-case-study-hyphaema-in-female.html
TO BUY PHOTOS:
www.shutterstock.com/g/toapayohvets
FOR MORE EDUCATIONAL VIDEOS:
www.youtube.com/c/99pups
FOR VETERINARY CONSULTATION IN
SINGAPORE
www.toapayohvets.com
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- Hyphema refers to the presence of blood within the anterior chamber of the eye, the space between the iris (the colored part of the eye) and the cornea (the clear front surface of the eye).
- It's a symptom, not a disease itself, and indicates an underlying condition that needs to be identified and treated.
- Hyphema can appear as bright red blood, small blood clots, or lines of blood accumulation in the front of the eye.
- Ocular Trauma: Injury to the eye or head can cause bleeding.
- Underlying Systemic Diseases:
- Hypertension: High blood pressure can damage blood vessels, leading to bleeding.
- Blood Clotting Disorders: Problems with blood clotting can cause spontaneous bleeding.
- Infectious Diseases: Certain infections can lead to inflammation and bleeding.
- Uveitis: Inflammation of the uvea (the middle layer of the eye) can cause bleeding.
- Retinal Detachment: Separation of the retina from the back of the eye can cause bleeding.
- Cancer: Tumors in or around the eye can cause bleeding.
- Hypertension: High blood pressure can damage blood vessels, leading to bleeding.
- Congenital Abnormalities: Some dogs are born with conditions that predispose them to hyphema.
- Blood in the eye: This is the most obvious sign.
- Pain: Dogs may rub or paw at their eyes.
- Reduced Vision: Blood in the eye can impair vision.
- Other Signs: Depending on the underlying cause, dogs may also exhibit other symptoms, such as lethargy or changes in behavior.
- A veterinarian will examine the eye and potentially perform tests to determine the cause of the hyphema.
- Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include:
- Medications: To control inflammation, pain, or blood pressure.
- Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged tissues or remove blood clots.
- Addressing the Underlying Condition: Treatment of the underlying cause is crucial to prevent recurrence.
- The prognosis for dogs with hyphema varies depending on the cause and severity of the condition.
- Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent vision loss.
- Some cases of hyphema can be resolved with treatment, while others may lead to permanent vision impairment or blindness.
- Thrombocytopenia is a condition where the blood has a lower-than-normal number of platelets, which are essential for blood clotting.
- Low platelet counts can be caused by various factors, including immune-mediated destruction of platelets, infections, certain medications, bone marrow problems, or underlying diseases.
- Depending on the severity, low platelet counts can lead to spontaneous bleeding, bruising, or petechiae (small red spots on the skin).
- Purpose: If a dog has severe bleeding or a very low platelet count, a blood transfusion may be necessary to stabilize the patient and raise platelet levels.
- Types: Whole blood transfusions can help with both anemia and platelet deficiency, while platelet-rich plasma can be used to temporarily increase platelet numbers.
- Note: Platelet transfusions are not always readily available in veterinary medicine.
- Purpose: If a dog has severe bleeding or a very low platelet count, a blood transfusion may be necessary to stabilize the patient and raise platelet levels.
- Purpose: If the low platelet count is due to the immune system attacking platelets (immune-mediated thrombocytopenia), immunosuppressive drugs like prednisone or azathioprine may be prescribed to suppress the immune response.
- Note: These medications can have side effects, so close monitoring and tapering of the dosage are essential.
- Purpose: If the low platelet count is due to the immune system attacking platelets (immune-mediated thrombocytopenia), immunosuppressive drugs like prednisone or azathioprine may be prescribed to suppress the immune response.
- Infections: If an infection is causing the thrombocytopenia, antibiotics or other treatments to address the infection will be necessary.
- Other Diseases: If the low platelet count is related to another disease, such as cancer or a blood clotting disorder, treatment for that condition may be required.
- Infections: If an infection is causing the thrombocytopenia, antibiotics or other treatments to address the infection will be necessary.
- Cage Rest: Dogs with very low platelet counts may need strict cage rest to avoid any sort of trauma that could cause bleeding.
- Diet: In some cases, dietary changes may be necessary to address nutritional deficiencies that may be contributing to thrombocytopenia.
- Surgery: In rare cases, surgery may be necessary to remove an enlarged spleen or other affected organs.
- Cage Rest: Dogs with very low platelet counts may need strict cage rest to avoid any sort of trauma that could cause bleeding.
- The lens, a natural lens inside the eye responsible for focusing light, becomes dislodged from its normal position.
- Specifically, the lens moves forward, into the anterior chamber (the space in front of the iris).
- The lens is normally held in place by ligaments called zonules, which can weaken or break down, leading to luxation.
- Lens luxation can be primary (inherited) or secondary (due to other eye conditions like glaucoma, uveitis, or trauma).
- Certain dog breeds, particularly terriers, are predisposed to primary lens luxation due to genetic factors.
- Other eye diseases or injuries can cause lens luxation by damaging the zonules.
- Some breeds, like terriers, Shar Peis, Australian Cattle Dogs, Border Collies, and Brittany Spaniels, are known to be at higher risk of primary lens luxation.
- Dogs with anterior lens luxation may exhibit signs of pain, such as squinting, rubbing the eye, or being hesitant to open the eye.
- Vision may be affected, with the dog appearing to have difficulty seeing or bumping into objects.
- The eye may appear hazy, cloudy, or red.
- Anterior lens luxation can lead to increased pressure inside the eye (glaucoma) because the lens blocks the normal drainage of fluid.
- Anterior lens luxation is considered a medical emergency, requiring prompt veterinary attention.
- The primary treatment involves surgical removal of the lens to relieve pressure and prevent further damage.
- A common surgical procedure involves removing the entire lens capsule.
- Another option involves breaking up the lens with ultrasound and aspirating it.
- In some cases, a veterinarian may attempt to push the lens back into its normal position, but this is not always successful.
- Guarded: The prognosis for long-term vision and comfort after lens removal can be guarded, as secondary glaucoma and other complications can occur.
- Lifelong Medications: Dogs may require lifelong medications to manage potential complications.
- Farsightedness: After lens removal, dogs may become farsighted, but they can still see.
